Table 1 Effects of Angiotensin II, experimental models, and possible clinical relevance in patients with shock
Tissue | Effects | Experimental models | Clinical relevance |
|---|---|---|---|
Vascular | a) Peripheral vasoconstriction b) Enhanced vascular permeability | Animal Human | d |
Cardiac | a) Modulation of cardiac remodelling | Animal | a |
Renal | a) Stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule b) Stimulation of release of aldosterone c) Modulation of renal blood flow | Animal Human | c |
Coagulation | a) Prothrombotic action through stimulation of platelet and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 | In vitro | b |
Nervous | a) Enhancement of norephrine secretion | Animal | a |
Immune | a) Increase of production of inflammatory mediators (adhesion molecules, cytokines) b) Generation of reactive oxygen species | Animal | b |
Endocrine | a) Stimulation of vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary gland b) Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin release from anterior pituitary gland c) Enhancement of norepinephrine release via direct action on sympathetic fibres | Animal | b |