Table 1 Details of block procedure and analgesic regimens in the included RCTs
Author/Year | Preincisional analgesia and anti-emetics | Block timing | ESPB local anesthetic bolus | SAPB local anesthetic bolus | Localization | Supplemental postoperative analgesia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gaballah (2019) [25] | Lidocaine 1% (5 ml/port site) | Preoperative (after GA) | 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine | 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine superficial to SAM | USG | If VAS ≥ 4, IV ketorolac 30 mg, IV pethidine 0.5 mg/kg prn |
Finnerty (2020) [12] | Paracetamol 1 g, IV and dexketoprofen 50 mg, ondansetron 0.1 mg /kg, Dex 0.1 mg/kg | Preoperative (after GA) | 30 ml of 0.25% Levobupivacaine in | levobupivacaine 0.25% in 30 ml volume deep to the SAM | USG | Oxycodone 2 mg IV until VAS ≤ 2, paracetamol 1 g IV 6 hourly, ibuprofen 400 mg orally eight hourly, ondansetron 4 mg PO/IV q8h |
Ekinci (2020) [15] | - | Preoperative (before GA) | 20 mL volume of 0.25% bupivacaine | 20-mL volume of 0.25% bupivacaine deep to SAM | USG | 400 mg ibuprofen and a 100 mg tramadol IV immediately after the procedure, ibuprofen 400 mg IV q8h, PCA 2 ml of 10-mg/mL fentanyl, lockout time of 20 min, meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) IV if VAS ≥ 4 |
Elsabeeny (2021) [24] | 1 g paracetamol IV infusion | Preoperative, single shot (after GA) followed by continuous infusion for 24 h postoperatively | 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine followed by continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at a rate of 8–10 mL/h | 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine deep to SAM, followed by continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at the rate of 8–10 mL/h | USG | 1 g paracetamol IV infusion q8h, if VAS < 4, IV 30 mg ketorolac given; if VAS ≥ 4, IV morphine with a maximum dose of 0.1 mg/kg |
Hassan (2022) [7] | - | Preoperative (before GA) | 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine | 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine superficial to SAM | USG | PCIA: 1 mg morphine of 1 mg/ml solution lockout interval of 10 min |
Zengin 2022 [26] | IV 50 mg dexketoprofen, 100 mg tramadol | Preoperative (after GA) | 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine | 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine deep and superficial to SAM | USG | PCIA: 1 mg morphine with a lockout interval of 15 min. IV 1 g paracetamol q8h, 50 mg dexketoprofen twice daily |
Zhang (2022) [27] | IV sufentanil 0.5 μg/kg | Preoperative (after GA) | 20 mL of 0.4% ropivacaine | 20 mL of 0.4% ropivacaine deep to SAM | USG | PCIA: 150 μg sufentanil with a loading dose of 2 mL, background dose of 2 mL, and locking duration of 15 min. IV 40 mg parecoxib sodium until NRS ≤ 3 |
Das (2022) [28] | - | Preoperative (before GA) | 30 mL of LA mixture (bupivacaine 0.5% and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline 1:100,000) | 30 mL of LA mixture (bupivacaine 0.5% and 2% lignocaine with adrenaline 1:100,000) superficial to SAM | USG | PCIA: 0.5 μg/kg fentanyl |
Taha (20,230 [23] | - | Preoperative (after GA) | 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine | 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine superficial to SAM | USG | IV 1 g paracetamol q8h for the first 24 h, if VAS ≥ 3, IV pethidine 25 mg with maximum dose 150 mg/day |