Table 2 Characteristics of spinal anesthesia in the included studies
Study | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Errando et al. [29] | Ben David et al. [30] | Olofsson et al. [31] | Martyr et al. [32] | Kahloul et al. [33] | Lilot et al. [34] | |||||||||
Anesthetic | Hyper Bupivacaine 0.25% | Hyper Bupivacaine 0.5% | Hyper Bupivacaine 0.5% | Hyper Bupivacaine 0.5% | Hypo Bupivacaine 0.5% | Hypo Bupivacaine 0.5% | Iso-hypo ropivacaine 0.75% | |||||||
Dose (mg) | 3.75 | 7.5 | 4 | 10 | 7.5 | 15 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 7.5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 |
Subgroup | L | H | L | H | L | H | L | H | L | H | L | L | H | H |
Adjuvant (opiate) | N/A | N/A | Fentanyl | N/A | Sufentanil | N/A | Fentanyl | N/A | Fentanyl | Fentanyl | Sufentanil | Sufentanil | Sufentanil | Sufentanil |
Adjuvant dose (mcg) | - | - | 20 | - | 5 | - | 20 | - | 25 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Puncture level | L2–L3 L3–L4 | L2–L3 L3–L4 | L3–L4 | L3–L4 | L2–L3 | L2–L3 | L3–L4 | L3–L4 | L3–L4 L4–L5 | L3–L4 L4–L5 | L3–L4 L4–L5 | L3–L4 L4–L5 | L3–L4 L4–L5 | L3–L4 L4–L5 |
Needle size | 25 G | 25 G | 22 G | 22 G | 27 G | 27 G | 22 G | 22 G | - | - | 25 G | 25 G | 25 G | 25 G |
Infused volume (ml) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2 | 4 | - | - | 2.2 | 2.2 | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
Position during procedure | Lateral on the operating side | Lateral on the operating side | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Sitting | Sitting | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up | Lateral, fracture side up |
Level of sensory block (max) | T10 | T10 | T8 | T6 | T7 | T6 | T6–T12 | T5–L3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sensory block onset (min) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8 (4) | 6 (2) | - | - | - | - |
Motor block onset (min) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Duration sensory block (min) | 78.6 [60–160] | 125.5 [70–210] | - | - | - | - | - | - | 91 (32) | 113 (19) | 105 [100–200] | 120 [105–160] | 140 [110–160] | 133 [108–170] |
Duration motor block (min) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 115 [100–125] | 120 [105–131] | 150 [110–160] | 123 [108–213] |
Modified Bromage scale (0–3) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Type of fluid infused | RL | RL | RL | RL | RL | RL | HaS | HaS | NS | NS | HES | HES | HES | HES |
Dose of infused fluid (mg/kg) | - | - | 8 | 8 | - | - | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Total fluid administered (ml) | 500 | 500 | - | - | 500 | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Patients with hypotensive events (%) | 14 | 76 | 10 | 90 | 16 | 88 | 25 | 75 | 59 | 92 | 53 | 47 | 83 | 81 |