Table 2 Multivariable ordered logit models
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|
Model 1—Dependent variable “Emotional status towards the surgical procedure worsened due to COVID-19 pandemic” (N = 2361; Wald test of parallel lines assumption, p-value = 8454) | ||
Spouse/partner (ref. no) | 1.279 (1.041–1.572) | 0.0191 |
Use of sleep-inducing drugs (ref. no.) | 2.070 (1.657–2.587) | < .0001 |
Recurrent use of alcoholic beverages (6 months) (ref. no.) | 0.636 (0.446–0.905) | 0.0120 |
Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 0.607 (0.414–0.891) | 0.0108 |
Isolation due to contact with COVID-19 patient (ref. no.) | 1.577 (1.179–2.111) | 0.0022 |
Fear of anaesthesia (ref. no) | ||
Slightly | 1.447 (1.173–1.785) | 0.0006 |
Moderately | 2.070 (1.606–2.668) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 2.363 (1.608–3.471) | < .0001 |
Fear of surgery (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.655 (1.315–2.083) | < .0001 |
Moderately | 3.065 (2.394–3.925) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 3.151 (2.205–4.503) | < .0001 |
Previous surgery affects the current emotional status (ref. no. previous surgery) | ||
No | 0.655 (0.526–0.815) | 0.0002 |
Slightly | 1.555 (1.222–1.979) | 0.0003 |
Moderately | 2.407 (1.825–3.177) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 5.334 (3.189–8.922) | < .0001 |
Italian geographic area (ref. North) | ||
Centre | 0.876 (0.680–1.128) | 0.3042 |
South | 1.525 (1.230–1.890) | 0.0001 |
Hospital characteristics—performing multidisciplinary surgery (ref. no.) | 1.843 (1.183–2.871) | 0.0069 |
Volume of surgeries per month (ref. “< 100”) | ||
101–200 | 0.388 (0.276–0.546) | < .0001 |
> 200 | 0.350 (0.250–0.491) | < .0001 |
Hospital characteristics—presence of COVID-19 ward (ref. no.) | 1.262 (1.028–1.551) | 0.0265 |
Model 2—Dependent variable “Fear of going to hospital for routine check-ups” (N = 2360; Wald test of parallel lines assumption, p value = 0.4373) | ||
Male sex (ref. female) | 0.691 (0.578–0.826) | 0.0001 |
Spouse/partner (ref. no.) | 1.271 (1.025–1.576) | 0.0288 |
Use of sleep-inducing drugs (ref. no.) | 1.828 (1.453–2.301) | < .0001 |
Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 0.498 (0.338–0.735) | 0.0004 |
Family member with SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 1.408 (1.107–1.790) | 0.0053 |
Presence of chronic disease (ref. no.) | 1.286 (1.071–1.543) | 0.0069 |
Presence of immunological disease (ref. no.) | 1.548 (1.055–2.271) | 0.0254 |
Cohabiting with chronic disease patient (ref. no.) | 1.326 (1.051–1.672) | 0.0171 |
Type of patient (ref. outpatient) | 1.210 (1.004–1.458) | 0.0454 |
Previous surgery affects the current emotional status (ref. no. previous surgery) | ||
No | 0.763 (0.608–0.957) | 0.0194 |
Slightly | 1.101 (0.856–1.416) | 0.4547 |
Moderately | 1.651 (1.246–2.188) | 0.0005 |
Extremely | 2.350 (1.402–3.939) | 0.0012 |
Type of anaesthesia (ref. general) | ||
Locoregional | 1.538 (1.260–1.876) | < .0001 |
Sedation | 1.736 (1.313–2.294) | 0.0001 |
Fear of anaesthesia (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.356 (1.092–1.683) | 0.0059 |
Moderately | 2.181 (1.683–2.828) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 2.793 (1.884–4.140) | < .0001 |
Fear of surgery (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.835 (1.448–2.327) | < .0001 |
Moderately | 2.790 (2.164–3.596) | <.0001 |
Extremely | 2.052 (1.421–2.963) | 0.0001 |
Italian geographic area (ref. north) | ||
Centre | 0.863 (0.665–1.119) | 0.2657 |
South | 1.552 (1.226–1.964) | 0.0003 |
Volume of surgeries per month (ref. “< 100”) | ||
101–200 | 0.332 (0.233–0.475) | < .0001 |
> 200 | 0.336 (0.239–0.474) | < .0001 |
Hospital characteristics—presence of COVID-19 ward (ref. no.) | 1.315 (1.072–1.613) | 0.0085 |
Model 3—Dependent variable “Fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization” (N = 2362; Wald test of parallel lines assumption, p value = 0.4820) | ||
Spouse/partner (ref. no.) | ||
Use of sleep-inducing drugs (ref. no.) | 1.585 (1.271–1.976) | < .0001 |
Recurrent use of drugs (6 months) (ref. no.) | 0.326 (0.137–0.774) | 0.0111 |
Isolation due to contact with COVID-19 patient (ref. no.) | 1.519 (1.140–2.023) | 0.0043 |
Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 0.348 (0.236–0.513) | < .0001 |
Presence of pulmonary disease (ref. no.) | 1.328 (1.017–1.735) | 0.0373 |
Presence of oncological disease (ref. no.) | 1.433 (1.093–1.879) | 0.0093 |
Previous surgery affects the current emotional status (ref. no. previous surgery) | ||
No | 0.948 (0.766–1.173) | 0.6248 |
Slightly | 1.371 (1.078–1.744) | 0.0100 |
Moderately | 1.922 (1.459–2.531) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 3.304 (1.999–5.461) | < .0001 |
Type of anaesthesia (ref. general) | ||
Locoregional | 1.229 (1.016–1.486) | 0.0334 |
Sedation | 1.777 (1.362–2.320) | < .0001 |
Fear of anaesthesia (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.587 (1.297–1.943) | < .0001 |
Moderately | 2.187 (1.707–2.801) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 3.375 (2.303–4.947) | < .0001 |
Fear of surgery (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.819 (1.459–2.269) | < .0001 |
Moderately | 3.437 (2.707–4.364) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 2.668 (1.879–3.789) | < .0001 |
Italian geographic area (ref. north) | ||
Centre | 0.825 (0.648–1.049) | 0.1156 |
South | 1.487 (1.205–1.835) | 0.0002 |
Volume of surgeries per month (ref. “< 100”) | ||
101–200 | 0.411 (0.292–0.580) | < .0001 |
> 200 | 0.472 (0.338–0.659) | < .0001 |
Hospital characteristics - presence of COVID-19 ward (ref. No) | 1.328 (1.096–1.610) | 0.0039 |
Model 4—Dependent variable “Fear of hospitalization without seeing family members” (N = 2364; Wald test of parallel lines assumption, p value = 0.2282) | ||
Sex (ref. female) | 0.656 (0.557–0.773) | < .0001 |
Spouse/partner (ref. no) | 1.487 (1.222–1.811) | 0.0001 |
Use of sleep-inducing drugs (ref. no.) | 1.586 (1.276–1.972) | < .0001 |
Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 0.615 (0.431–0.877) | 0.0072 |
Family member with SARS-CoV-2 infection (ref. no.) | 1.326 (1.054–1.668) | 0.0158 |
Presence of oncological disease (ref. no.) | 1.526 (1.168–1.995) | 0.0020 |
Previous surgery affects the current emotional status (ref. no. previous surgery) | ||
No | 0.820 (0.666–1.008) | 0.0600 |
Slightly | 1.308 (1.035–1.655) | 0.0248 |
Moderately | 1.713 (1.302–2.255) | 0.0001 |
Extremely | 2.206 (1.334–3.647) | 0.0021 |
Fear of anaesthesia (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 1.147 (0.941–1.399) | 0.1748 |
Moderately | 1.513 (1.183–1.935) | 0.0010 |
Extremely | 2.364 (1.627–3.434) | < .0001 |
Fear of surgery (ref. no.) | ||
Slightly | 2.093 (1.695–2.586) | < .0001 |
Moderately | 4.315 (3.406–5.467) | < .0001 |
Extremely | 6.061 (4.237–8.669) | < .0001 |
Italian geographic area (ref. north) | ||
Centre | 1.230 (0.974–1.553) | 0.0824 |
South | 1.432 (1.171–1.752) | 0.0005 |
Hospital characteristics—performing multidisciplinary surgery (ref. no.) | 1.677 (1.125–2.498) | 0.0111 |
Volume of surgeries per month (ref. “< 100”) | ||
101–200 | 0.355 (0.252–0.501) | 0.0000 |
> 200 | 0.380 (0.271–0.533) | < .0001 |