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Fig. 1 | Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care

Fig. 1

From: Predictor factors for non-invasive mechanical ventilation failure in severe COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit: a single-center retrospective study

Fig. 1

NIV protocol. The figure shows the NIV protocol adopted for the patients admitted to ICU. When patients started with CPAP mode at ICU admission, we set a PEEP value ranging between 5 and 12 cmH2O and FiO2 60%. After 1 h, the clinician evaluated gas exchanges, by arterial blood gas analysis, respiratory rate, and patient’s comfort. In case of worsening gas exchange with SpO2 < 88%, or respiratory rate > 36, or PaCO2 > 60 mmHg, or pH < 7.25 despite adequate sedation level, the patient stopped CPAP and started NIV in PSV mode according to our protocol. On the contrary case, the patient continued CPAP mode ventilation

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