Table 1 Patient characteristics and clinical, laboratory, and CT findings relative to alive and death patients

Age (year)

62 (55–69)

71 (63–78)*

64 (57–72)

2.42 (1.54–3.97, p< 0.001)

65

0.69

Sex

 Male

140

90 (70%)

50 (86%)

140 (75%)

-

-

 Female

47

39 (30%)

8 (14%)*

47 (25%)

0.37 (0.15–0.82, p=0.019)

-

PaO₂/FIO₂ ratio

181

267 (227–306)

217 (168–266)*

258 (208–309)

0.48 (0.30–0.75, p=0.002)

241

0.68

SpO₂ (%)

187

92 (89–95)

87 (80–93)*

91 (87–95)

0.63 (0.47–0.84, p=0.002)

88.4

0.66

Symptom onset

177

7 (5–10)

7 (4–9)

7 (5–10)

0.71 (0.43–1.13, p=0.160

1

0.58

Body mass index (kg/m²)

129

27.7 (24–31)

27.3 (24–31)

27.5 (24–31)

0.73 (0.47–1.09, p=0.143)

27.77

0.55

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

187

60 (47%)

36 (62%)*

96 (51%)

1.88 (1.01–3.58, p=0.050)

-

-

 CAD

187

10 (8%)

10 (17%)

20 (11%)

2.48 (0.96–6.42, p=0.058)

-

-

 Other cardiovascular disease

187

7 (5%)

9 (15%)*

16 (9%)

3.20 (1.13–9.42, p=0.029)

-

-

 Neurologic

187

6 (5%)

3 (5%)

9 (5%)

1.12 (0.23–4.40, p=0.878)

-

-

 Diabetes

187

29 (23%)

16 (28%)

45 (24%)

1.31 (0.64–2.65, p=0.451)

-

-

 Chronic kidney failure

187

8 (6%)

6 (10%)

14 (8%)

1.75 (0.55–5.27, p=0.324)

-

-

 Oncologic

187

9 (7.0%)

9 (16%)

18 (10%)

2.45 (0.91–6.63, p=0.074)

-

-

 Dyslipidemia

187

18 (14.0%)

8 (14%)

26 (14%)

0.99 (0.38–2.35, p=0.977)

-

-

 COPD

187

5 (4%)

5 (9%)

10 (5%)

2.34 (0.63–8.74, p=0.193)

-

-

 Asthma

187

3 (2%)

2 (3%)

5 (3%)

1.50 (0.19–9.29, p=0.662)

-

-

 Autoimmune disease

187

11 (9%)

4 (7%)

15 (8.0%)

0.79 (0.21–2.44, p=0.705)

-

-

 Mental illness

187

6 (5%)

3 (5%)

9 (5%)

1.12 (0.23–4.40, p=0.878)

-

-

Smoking history

 Never

172

121 (94%)

51 (88%)

172 (92.0%)

-

-

 Current or former

15

8 (6%)

7 (12%)

15 (8.0%)

2.08 (0.69–6.08, p=0.179)

-

-

CT findings

 Well-aerated Parenchyma

187

72 (63–81)

62 (50–75)*

68 (57–79)

0.51 (0.33–0.77, p=0.002)

66.1

0.65

 Ground glass opacity

187

24 (15–33)

32 (24–41)*

26 (16–35)

1.95 (1.24–3.14, p=0.005)

29

0.64

 Other: consolidation and fibrosis

187

3 (0.3–5)

6 (0.7–10)*

3 (0.2–7)

1.47 (1.08–2.04, p=0.017)

5.7

0.62

Laboratory findings

 White blood count, X 10³/μL

187

6.1 (4.2–7.9)

6.9 (4.8–9)

6.2 (4.2–8.2)

1.20 (0.87–1.67, p=0.259)

6.96

0.55

 Lymphocytes count, X 10³/μL

187

1 (0.7–1.3)

0.8 (0.5–1)*

1 (0.7–1.3)

0.64 (0.40–0.96, p=0.047)

1

0.6

 C-reactive protein, mg/dL

186

8 (2–13)

11 (5–16)*

8 (3–14)

2.15 (1.34–3.53, p=0.002)

8.42

0.65

 Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

149

708 (505–911)

824 (601–1047)*

754 (543–965)

1.70 (1.10–2.69, p=0.018)

786

0.62

 Glycemia, mg/dL

187

120 (97–143)

133 (108–157)

125 (101–149)

1.22 (0.97–1.54, p=0.086)

138

0.59

 Fibrinogen, mg/dL

70

576 (506–647)

591 (489–693)

580 (502–658)

1.25 (0.83–1.92, p=0.280)

597

0.53

 Ferritin, ng/mL

57

1041 (588–1494)

1300 (872–1728)

1125 (671–1579)

1.53 (1.01–2.56, p=0.068)

1139

0.67

 Procalcitonin

118

0.1 (0.05–0.1)

0.3 (0.05–0.5)

0.1 (0–0.2)

1.05 (1.00–1.12, p=0.120)

0.23

0.76

 Troponine ng/L

109

11 (3–19)

17 (4–30)

12 (2–22)

1.00 (0.94–1.05, p=0.913)

22

0.65

Oxygenation support

 Standard O₂ therapy

41 (32%)

4 (7%)*

0.27 (0.07–0.76, p=0.022)

 Non invasive ventilation

63 (49%)

23 (40%)

-

 Intubated

25 (19%)

31 (53%)*

3.40 (1.68–7.00, p=0.001)